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英國上班一年有幾天特休?法定 5.6 週、48 小時工時上限,還有可以隨時取消的 opt-out

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文章署名:英國喵編輯部

內容分工:英國官方資訊整理(AI 協作編輯角色)

在英國受僱,年假與工時這兩件事都有法定底線,而且底線不因為你是外國人而降低。5.6 週的年假是以「週」為單位換算的,48 小時工時上限則允許自願放棄,但放棄之後隨時能反悔。

英國上班一年有幾天特休?法定 5.6 週、48 小時工時上限,還有可以隨時取消的 opt-out主題插畫
AI 英國喵文章主題插畫

剛在英國開始上班的人,看合約最容易誤判兩件事:一是年假到底幾天,二是加班到什麼程度才叫違法。這兩題 GOV.UK 都有現成答案,而且是以「週」而不是「天」為計算單位。

假該怎麼排、工時怎麼安排,第一線的決定權在雇主與你的合約;法定底線則是雇主不能低於的線。爭議談不攏時,官方指向 Acas。

年假:5.6 週換算成幾天要看你一週上幾天

Holiday entitlement 這一頁開宗明義:「Almost all people classed as workers are legally entitled to 5.6 weeks’ paid holiday a year」。適用範圍包含派遣工(agency workers)、工時不固定的 irregular hours 工作者,以及一年之中有整週不必上班也不支薪的 part-year 工作者。

換算方式很單純,把 5.6 乘上你一週的工作日數:

一週上班天數法定年假
5 天至少 28 天
3 天至少 16.8 天(3 × 5.6)
6 天仍然是 28 天(法定上限)

最後一列是重點。官方寫「Statutory paid holiday entitlement is limited to 28 days」,一週上六天的人不會因此拿到 33.6 天。

工時不固定或只做部分年度的人,計算邏輯不同:官方說他們是依「已經工作的時數」累積(accrue),而不是一開始就給固定天數。

國定假日不一定是額外的假

這一點最容易在面試談薪水時被誤會。官方寫「Bank or public holidays do not have to be given as paid leave」,而且雇主可以選擇把國定假日算進法定年假裡面。所以合約上寫成「28 天、其中含國定假日」這種條件是合法的,實際能自由運用的天數會少很多。相對地,雇主也可以給超過法定最低的假,而且超出的部分不必套用全部法定規則。

請假要提前多久:兩倍加一天

官方給的通則是:想請幾天假,就要提前「兩倍時間再加一天」通知。它舉的例子是請 1 天假要提前 3 天講。

反過來,雇主要拒絕或取消你已核准的假,也要給「請假天數加一天」的通知;官方的例子是你請 10 天假,雇主要提前 11 天通知。合約若另有約定,以合約為準。

不過官方補了一句保護性的話:「Although employers can refuse to give leave at a certain time, they cannot refuse to let workers take the leave at all.」雇主可以擋時間點,不能整年都不讓你休。

雇主也能反過來指定你休假,例如聖誕節期間,但通知期至少是要你休的假期長度的兩倍,而且必須在通知期開始前告知。

假期薪水分成兩段

規律工時的人,年假薪資不是同一個費率。官方要求至少 4 週要用「normal」費率、剩下的 1.6 週可以用「basic」費率。normal 費率包含佣金、經常性加班費,以及與年資或專業資格相關的給付,但通常不含獎金。

另外,規律工時的人不適用把假期薪資混進時薪的做法(rolled-up holiday pay);工時不固定與 part-year 工作者則可以,除非他們的假期年度起算日在 2024 年 3 月 31 日當天或之前。

紀錄方面有一條新規定:自 2026 年 4 月 6 日起,雇主必須保存年假與假期薪資的詳細紀錄,自建立日起至少 6 年。

工時:48 小時是平均值,不是單週天花板

Maximum weekly working hours 的規則是「You cannot work more than 48 hours a week on average - normally averaged over 17 weeks.」所以某一週爆到 55 小時未必違法,要看 17 週的平均。這個參考期可以經協議延長,最多 52 週;受訓醫師是 26 週,離岸油氣業是 52 週。

未滿 18 歲的規則嚴格得多:一天不得超過 8 小時、一週不得超過 40 小時,而且不能用平均計算。

哪些時間算進工時也有清單。算的包括:職務相關訓練、工作性質的移動時間、商務午餐、在海外工作的時間、有給與被要求的無給加班、在工作場所待命。不算的包括:在工作場所以外待命、沒有工作的休息時間、正常工時以外的通行、自願的無給加班、有給或無給假期。有固定工作地點的人,通勤不算工時;沒有固定工作地點的人,一天首尾的移動要算。

兼兩份工作的人要注意:官方寫「Your combined working hours should not be more than 48 hours a week on average.」上限看的是合計。

opt-out 是自願的,而且可以反悔

滿 18 歲的人可以選擇放棄 48 小時上限,這叫 opting out。官方對這件事寫了三道保護:

  1. 「Your employer can ask you to opt out, but you cannot be sacked or treated unfairly for refusing.」拒絕簽不能成為解僱或差別待遇的理由。
  2. 「It must be voluntary and in writing.」必須自願且書面,雇主還要留存紀錄。
  3. 取消時,「You can cancel your opt-out agreement whenever you want - even if it’s part of your employment contract.」即使寫進勞動契約也能取消,至少提前 7 天通知,依協議內容最長可能要 3 個月;而且「Your employer cannot force you to cancel your opt-out agreement.」

有幾種工作根本不能 opt out:航空公司人員、船舶工作者、道路運輸業(使用 GB Domestic drivers’ hours 規則、3.5 噸以下車輛的駕駛除外)、受歐盟駕駛工時規則涵蓋的隨車人員,以及載運高價值貨物車輛上的保全。

常見問題

問:拿學生簽證在英國打工,48 小時上限也算在我頭上嗎? 工時法規與簽證附帶的工時限制出自不同法源,本篇引用的頁面並未交代兩者怎麼銜接。簽證那一側的額度,請以你的許可條件為準。

問:有些職業可以超過 48 小時? 官方列了例外:需要 24 小時人力的工作、軍警消、security and surveillance、私人住宅家僕、海員與漁工及內陸水路工作者,以及工時不受衡量且自己能控制的職務,例如有決策權的管理階層。

問:老闆說不簽 opt-out 就不錄取,合法嗎? GOV.UK 只寫明拒絕不得導致被解僱或不公平對待,沒有處理錄取階段的情形。這一題屬於個案,官方把工時相關的進一步諮詢指向 Acas 專線。

問:離職時沒休完的假怎麼算? 官方把離職前的假期處理放在另一個部分(Taking holiday before leaving a job),本篇引用的段落沒有涵蓋,請直接查該頁。

問:雇主要留什麼工時紀錄? 官方寫雇主需要保存部分工時紀錄,並把細節指向 Acas 網站,GOV.UK 這一頁本身沒有列清單。

年假與工時規則屬於就業權益範疇,條文會隨法規修訂調整,簽約前拿合約條款對照官方當頁比較保險。雇主違反底線或已經發生爭議,請聯繫 Acas 或尋求就業法律專業協助,不要只靠條文自行判斷。

初到英國、各種行政都還沒排序的人,先看這張方法地圖會比較省力。

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參考來源

  1. Holiday entitlement: EntitlementGOV.UK · 2026-09-24
    • Almost all people classed as workers are legally entitled to 5.6 weeks’ paid holiday a year (known as statutory leave entitlement or annual leave).
    • Most workers who work a 5-day week must receive at least 28 days’ paid annual leave a year. This is the equivalent of 5.6 weeks of holiday.
    • For example, if they work 3 days a week, they must get at least 16.8 days’ leave a year (3 × 5.6).
    • Statutory paid holiday entitlement is limited to 28 days. For example, staff working 6 days a week are only entitled to 28 days’ paid holiday.
    • Bank or public holidays do not have to be given as paid leave.
    • An employer can choose to include bank holidays as part of a worker’s statutory annual leave.
    • An employer can choose to offer more leave than the legal minimum.
    • They will build up (‘accrue’) leave depending on the hours they’ve already worked, rather than getting a fixed number of days or hours.
  2. Holiday entitlement: Booking time offGOV.UK · 2026-09-24
    • The general notice period for taking leave is at least twice as long as the amount of leave a worker wants to take, plus 1 day. For example, a worker would give 3 days’ notice for 1 day’s leave.
    • For example, an employer would give 11 days’ notice if the worker asked for 10 days’ leave.
    • Although employers can refuse to give leave at a certain time, they cannot refuse to let workers take the leave at all.
    • The notice period for this is at least twice as long as the leave they want their staff to take. The employer must tell the worker before the notice period begins.
  3. Holiday entitlement: Holiday payGOV.UK · 2026-09-24
    • at least 4 weeks of the worker’s statutory entitlement at their ‘normal’ rate of pay
    • the remaining 1.6 weeks at a ‘basic’ rate of pay
    • ‘Normal’ rate of pay includes commission, regular overtime payments, and any payments related to length of service or professional qualifications. It does not usually include bonus payments.
    • an employer cannot include an amount for holiday pay in the hourly rate (known as ‘rolled-up holiday pay’)
    • Employers can use rolled-up holiday pay for irregular-hours and part-year workers, unless their leave year began on or before 31 March 2024.
    • From 6 April 2026, employers must keep detailed records of annual leave and holiday pay for a minimum of 6 years from the date they were made.
  4. Maximum weekly working hours: OverviewGOV.UK · 2026-09-24
    • You cannot work more than 48 hours a week on average - normally averaged over 17 weeks.
    • If you’re under 18, you cannot work more than 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week.
    • where 24-hour staffing is required
    • in the armed forces, emergency services or police
    • in security and surveillance
    • as a domestic servant in a private household
    • as a seafarer, sea-fisherman or worker on vessels on inland waterways
    • where working time is not measured and you’re in control, for example you’re a managing executive with control over your decisions
    • Contact the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (Acas) helpline to get further advice on working hours.
    • Your employer needs to keep some records about working hours. Visit the Acas website for information about the records they need to keep.
  5. Maximum weekly working hours: Opting out of the 48 hour weekGOV.UK · 2026-09-24
    • You can choose to work more than 48 hours a week on average if you’re over 18. This is called ‘opting out’.
    • Your employer can ask you to opt out, but you cannot be sacked or treated unfairly for refusing.
    • You can opt out for a certain period or indefinitely. It must be voluntary and in writing.
    • Your employer must keep a record that you’ve opted out.
    • You can cancel your opt-out agreement whenever you want - even if it’s part of your employment contract.
    • You must give your employer at least 7 days’ notice. You may have to give your employer up to 3 months’ notice depending on what’s in your agreement.
    • Your employer cannot force you to cancel your opt-out agreement.
    • airline staff
    • a worker in the road transport industry, for example delivery drivers (except for drivers of vehicles under 3.5 tonnes using GB Domestic drivers’ hours rules)
    • a security guard on a vehicle carrying high-value goods
  6. Maximum weekly working hours: Calculating your working hoursGOV.UK · 2026-09-24
    • The 17 week period can be extended to a maximum of 52 weeks if this is agreed, for example, by a trade union.
    • trainee doctors have a 26-week reference period
    • the offshore oil and gas sector has a 52-week reference period
    • Your working hours cannot be averaged out if you’re under 18. You cannot work more than 40 hours in any one week.
    • Your combined working hours should not be more than 48 hours a week on average.
    • time spent on call at the workplace
    • travel between home and work at the start and end of the working day (if you do not have a fixed place of work)
    • travel to and from work (if you have a fixed place of work)

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